Mark miller e single, The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children
Abstract Prior research suggests that exposure to elementary classrooms characterized by high levels nő találkozó házasság student aggression may contribute to the development of child aggressive behavior problems.
To explore this process in more detail, this study followed a longitudinal sample of 4, children and examined demographic factors associated with exposure to high-aggression classrooms, including school context factors school size, student poverty levels, and rural vs.
The developmental impact of different temporal patterns of exposure e. Analyses revealed that African American children attending large, urban schools that served socioeconomically disadvantaged students were more likely mark miller e single other students to be exposed to high-aggressive classroom contexts.
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Hierarchical regressions demonstrated cumulative effects for temporal exposure, whereby children with multiple years of exposure showed higher levels of aggressive behavior after 3 years than children with primacy, less recent, and less chronic exposure, controlling for initial levels of aggression.
Implications are discussed for developmental research and preventive interventions. There is mounting evidence mark miller e single school environments can contribute to the socialization and promotion of childhood aggressive behavior problems.
Less well studied are characteristics of mark miller e single social contexts that may influence student behavior. However, important questions remain unanswered. Relations between structural features of the school context e. Moreover, additional longitudinal research is needed to better katolikus ismerősök the effects of exposure to high-aggressive classrooms and risky school contexts over time.
The present study examined school and student demographics associated with exposure to classrooms characterized by high rates of student aggression and compared the impact of different patterns of temporal exposure on child aggressive behavioral outcomes.
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Negative Impact of High-Aggression Classrooms A focus on classroom influences is warranted by prior studies that demonstrate links between exposure to first-grade classrooms with many aggressive peers and subsequent high rates of aggressive behavior problems among students transitioning to middle school Kellam et al. Theoretically, three different mechanisms may contribute to the negative impact of exposure to groups or classrooms containing many aggressive members.
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First, according to the person—group similarity model Tversky,social norms are heavily influenced by the prevalence of behaviors within groups. Groups with high concentrations of aggressive members may create a social milieu that normalizes aggressive behaviors, making them socially acceptable and decreasing social pressures to inhibit aggression or use alternative conflict management strategies Henry et al.
Moreover, Henry et al.
Asarnow found that dyads containing two aggressive partners compared with mixed or nonaggressive dyads tended to escalate in conflict situations, showing longer and more aggressive conflictual exchanges, oriented toward dominating rather than resolving their disagreements.
Similarly, Dishion, Spracklen, Andrews, and Patterson observed the interpersonal exchanges of antisocial youth in dyads, and found elevated levels of rule-breaking talk and higher levels of positive reinforcement e.
These studies suggest that grouping aggressive children together increases the rate of exposure to aggressive provocation and behavioral reinforcement for aggressive responding Dishion et al. These three processes social norms, deviancy training, and coercive teacher control strategies may all occur in combination, contributing to the escalating impact of exposure to high-aggression classrooms on student aggressive behaviors.
School Context, Student Demographics, and Exposure to High-Aggression Classrooms Certain school and student demographics may increase child risk for exposure to high-aggression classrooms.
Howley et al. Similarly, Stephenson and Smith found that the incidence of peer aggression increased as a function of school and classroom size and levels of socioeconomic disadvantage in the student body. Prior research has also shown that children living in neighborhoods characterized by socioeconomic disadvantage and high rates of violence are at increased risk for experiencing and utilizing aggressive behaviors in the school setting Colder et al.
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According to Egyetlen központban et al. Normative beliefs supporting the use of aggression, along with affiliation with aggressive peers Miller-Johnson et al. It is important to note that not all children have an equal likelihood of being exposed to these school contextual variables.
Ethnic minority children may be especially vulnerable due to the higher likelihood they face of attending large schools located in areas beset with economic deprivation Howley et al.
In addition, because of a number of social stratification variables, including economic disadvantage and discrimination see Garcia Coll et al.
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Other than a recent study by Barth and colleaguesthere has been no inquiry into the impact of exposure to high-aggression classrooms on student behavior in the context of other, related school context characteristics, such as school size, student economic disadvantage, and urban location. The extent to which these factors explain common versus unique variance in the development of children's aggressive behavior warrants study.
Effects of Temporal Patterns of Exposure to High-Aggression Classrooms Although previous research suggests that exposure to aggressive classrooms promotes escalations in child aggression, an important but neglected question involves the impact of exposure that varies in terms of developmental timing and length.
Developmental theory and research suggest that exposure to aggressive classrooms might have a stronger impact on child aggressive behavior when it occurs early in elementary school primacy effect.
However, heuristic evidence from alternative schools of thought suggests that the impact of aggressive classrooms on child behavior could be greatest when exposure occurs closer to the assessment of outcomes recency effector when it occurs across multiple mark miller e single years chronicity effect. They argue that, at school entry, children face new behavioral demands for school adaptation, including getting along with peers and teachers and following a broad range of classroom rules.
Children may therefore be more susceptible to influence by peers at school entry than in later years, and those children who are placed in high-aggression classrooms and adapt aggressive responding in the school environment may place themselves into a socialization trajectory in which they are likely to sustain their aggressive peer affiliations and aggressive behaviors in later school years.
In support of this model, Kellam et al. The investigators concluded that a single exposure to classrooms with high levels of student aggression early on may trigger the development of aggressive behavior problems for children with a lasting impact across grade levels.
However, the classroom contexts these students experienced during the intervening years were not examined in this study, making it unclear whether the impact of first-grade classroom exposure was affected by subsequent classroom experiences.
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For example, DeRosier, Kupersmidt, and Patterson found that recent experiences of peer rejection predicted elevated levels of aggressive behavior, whereas more distal peer rejection did not. Hence, from the perspective of social norm models, social learning theory, and stressful life event models, more recent exposure to high-aggression classrooms might have a greater impact on rates of child aggressive behavior than more distal exposure.
Chronicity effects Social learning theory and stress models also predict that the effects of aggressive classroom exposure would accumulate over time, increasing with more chronic exposure. That is, to the extent that aggressive behavioral reactions become established in a child's repertoire via social learning contingencies deviancy trainingbehavioral outcomes should show a linear relationship between the time and intensity of exposure to coercive teaching and peer deviancy training.
Similarly, chronic stress models Johnson, postulate that persistent experiences with stressful events, as opposed to transient exposure, results in more adverse behavior outcomes DeRosier et al.
Within both of these frameworks, the impact of aggressive classroom contexts would increase with more years of repeated mark miller e single to classrooms with high levels of student aggression. In fact, DeRosier and colleagues found chronic peer rejection, in addition to recent exposure, increased child aggressive responding. Hence, the timing and duration of exposure may be important, yet no prior study has compared the effects of primary first graderecent, or chronic exposure to classrooms characterized by high rates of student aggression on the behavioral functioning of children.
The Present Study In summary, previous research indicates that student aggressive behavior problems are associated with demographic features of school contexts size, student economic disadvantage, urban locationas well as with classroom contexts, bosnyák férfiak tudják mean levels of classroom aggression Kellam et al.
Research is needed to explore the overlap between school and classroom contexts associated with student aggression, and to determine whether exposure to classroom aggression may explain or add mark miller e single the impact of large, poor, urban schools on child aggressive development. In addition, a longitudinal framework is needed to better understand the degree to which the timing of exposure to aggressive classrooms primacy, recency and the amount of exposure chronicity affect child outcomes.
All in all, we know little about which students are most at risk for exposure to high-aggression classrooms or how patterns of exposure to high-aggression classrooms whether they involve a single early, single recent, or more chronic exposure affect the child aggressive outcomes.
The present study addressed these questions. First, the present study examined the relationship between school contextual variables, child ethnicity, and classroom aggression. It was expected that school demographics large size, urban location, high levels of student poverty create a distal context associated with elevated levels of student aggression and a corresponding high proportion of classrooms containing many aggressive students.
Given the documented associations between these school demographics and student demographics e. We anticipated that, in addition to the distal effects of the school demographics, the classroom context would have a proximal impact on behavioral socialization, such that, even after school demographics were considered, high-aggression classrooms would contribute to increased levels of student aggressive—disruptive behaviors.
Second, the present study compared the aggressive outcomes of students who experienced different patterns of exposure to high-aggression classrooms in Grades 1—3. Assessing child aggression at the end of the third grade, the study tested hypotheses regarding the impact of timing and length of exposure to high-aggression classrooms.
Given past evidence supporting a priming effect of early exposure to aggressive classrooms on later levels of child aggression, it was hypothesized that mark miller e single with exposure to high-aggression classrooms in Grade 1 only would be significantly more aggressive at the end of Grade 3 megálló társkereső those children with no exposure primacy effect.
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Based on the recency model, it was expected that children exposed to high-aggression classrooms during the Grade 3 year only would be significantly more aggressive at the end of the third grade than children with no exposure recency effect. Moreover, it was anticipated that the number of years children were exposed to classrooms with high levels of student aggression would predict significantly higher levels of aggressiveness at the end of the third grade chronicity effect. Third, the study examined the concurrent effects of individual child characteristics, school contextual factors, and classroom behaviors on aggressive outcomes in children.
The relations between these variables were examined across child ethnicity and the geographic area in which schools were located.
Negative Impact of High-Aggression Classrooms
Methods Participants This study was conducted as part of a larger longitudinal investigation of the development and prevention of conduct disorders Fast Track Program; see Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, Participants were 4, children who remained in one of the 27 schools assigned to the no-treatment mark miller e single condition of the prevention trial from kindergarten to Grade 4.
The participants were drawn from four geographic sites that represented a wide cross section of the American population. At each of the urban sites, schools in economically disadvantaged and high crime areas were identified and invited to participate.
At the rural site, the three participating school districts served regions with elevated levels of economic disadvantage and townships with populations under 10, In the original sample of children for whom first-grade classroom data were available, there were 7, children.
To examine the impact of classroom aggression over time, this study could include only students with classroom data for Grades 1—3. In addition, classroom-level data were not collected from self-contained special education classrooms, so children placed in those classrooms were not included in the analyses.
- The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children
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The ethnic composition of the sample was Ethnicity was disproportionately related to urban versus rural school locations. Of the 2, children living in urban settings, Measures School context measures The average number of children per grade level was used as the measure of school size. The percentage of students in an individual child's school who qualified for free or reduced lunch was used as the index of the overall poverty level of the school hereafter referred to as school poverty.
The use of this variable was based on the premise that the economic status of schools typically reflects the socioeconomic status of the families served Guerra et al. Mark miller e single scale included 10 items describing disobedient and aggressive behavior problems e. For each item, teachers rated each child using a 6-point Likert scale to describe the frequency of the problem behaviors over the past 3 weeks, ranging from 1 almost never to 6 almost always.
Total scale scores were averaged to represent each child's level of aggressive—disruptive behavior at each time point Grades 1—3 and to assess classroom levels of aggression see below.
Ratings of classroom aggression Teacher ratings of child aggression were also used to calculate classroom environment scores of aggression for each child in Grades 1—3. To derive a classroom-level score at each time point, classroom averages total number of behavior problems teachers rated for all students in a classroom divided by the number of students rated were computed excluding each child's individual scale score.
